Of course teeth are removed when restoration is impossible or to make room for others (orthodontics). But often roots are left if they are trouble-free, unnoticeable and the patient is within reach of dentistry should they require it. A root may be left (sometimes root-treated first) to retain the height of the bone in the ridge (if a tooth is removed the bone shrinks).
Many people believe that the gum has to be cut or a lot of damage done to get a root/tooth out - NOT TRUE. The principle of tooth removal is either to break the thin plate of bone on the outside, with the tooth just lifting out, or to gently place a wedge between bone and tooth - as the wedge is moved in, the tooth comes out.
In practice, it's a wee bit harder than that, but if teeth were really that difficult to remove, people would look after their teeth with a vengeance to avoid the necessity of extraction
Wisdom teeth (third molars) have a bad reputation for giving a lot of problems. In general, they don't. Usually upper wisdom teeth removals have no problems at all. They tend to erupt normally outwards and backwards, so there is no obstruction. Lowers tend to erupt upwards, forwards and inwards, often into the tooth in front. Sometimes there is insufficient room for a wisdom tooth to erupt into a useful position. If left it allows infections to occur often. If the operation is expected to be prolonged, the patient usually has Intravenous Sedation.
Removal procedure is a mixture of finding the easiest method of removal and of shortest recovery time.
Oral Surgery